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This manual documents version 2.0 of the GNU text utilities.
1. Introduction Caveats, overview, and authors. 2. Common options 3. Output of entire files cat tac nl od 4. Formatting file contents fmt pr fold 5. Output of parts of files head tail split csplit 6. Summarizing files wc sum cksum md5sum 7. Operating on sorted files sort uniq comm ptx tsort 8. Operating on fields within a line cut paste join 9. Operating on characters tr expand unexpand 10. Opening the software toolbox The software tools philosophy. Index General index.
-- The Detailed Node Listing ---
Output of entire files
3.1 cat
: Concatenate and write filesConcatenate and write files. 3.2 tac
: Concatenate and write files in reverseConcatenate and write files in reverse. 3.3 nl
: Number lines and write filesNumber lines and write files. 3.4 od
: Write files in octal or other formatsWrite files in octal or other formats.
Formatting file contents
4.1 fmt
: Reformat paragraph textReformat paragraph text. 4.2 pr
: Paginate or columnate files for printingPaginate or columnate files for printing. 4.3 fold
: Wrap input lines to fit in specified widthWrap input lines to fit in specified width.
Output of parts of files
5.1 head
: Output the first part of filesOutput the first part of files. 5.2 tail
: Output the last part of filesOutput the last part of files. 5.3 split
: Split a file into fixed-size piecesSplit a file into fixed-size pieces. 5.4 csplit
: Split a file into context-determined piecesSplit a file into context-determined pieces.
Summarizing files
6.1 wc
: Print byte, word, and line countsPrint byte, word, and line counts. 6.2 sum
: Print checksum and block countsPrint checksum and block counts. 6.3 cksum
: Print CRC checksum and byte countsPrint CRC checksum and byte counts. 6.4 md5sum
: Print or check message-digestsPrint or check message-digests.
Operating on sorted files
7.1 sort
: Sort text filesSort text files. 7.2 uniq
: Uniquify filesUniquify files. 7.3 comm
: Compare two sorted files line by lineCompare two sorted files line by line. 7.5 ptx
: Produce permuted indexesProduce a permuted index of file contents. 7.4 tsort
: Topological sortTopological sort.
ptx
: Produce permuted indexes
7.5.1 General options Options which affect general program behavior. 7.5.2 Charset selection Underlying character set considerations. 7.5.3 Word selection and input processing Input fields, contexts, and keyword selection. 7.5.4 Output formatting Types of output format, and sizing the fields. 7.5.5 The GNU extensions to ptx
Operating on fields within a line
8.1 cut
: Print selected parts of linesPrint selected parts of lines. 8.2 paste
: Merge lines of filesMerge lines of files. 8.3 join
: Join lines on a common fieldJoin lines on a common field.
Operating on characters
9.1 tr
: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete charactersTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters. 9.2 expand
: Convert tabs to spacesConvert tabs to spaces. 9.3 unexpand
: Convert spaces to tabsConvert spaces to tabs.
tr
: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
9.1.1 Specifying sets of characters 9.1.2 Translating Changing one characters to another. 9.1.3 Squeezing repeats and deleting 9.1.4 Warning messages
Opening the software toolbox
Toolbox introduction I/O redirection The who
commandThe cut
commandThe sort
commandThe uniq
commandPutting the tools together